Phonetische und phonologische Merkmale nach Ladefoged 1975:258f

	Feature name	Physical scale	Phonological term	Exemplification
				Symbol	language	word	gloss	% value
1	Glottalic	rate of upward movement of the glottis	ejective pulmonic implosive	t’ t ɗ	Uduk	t’è tèr ɗek	lick collect lift	100 50 0
2	Velaric	Degree of suction of air in mouth	+ click - click	ʇ t	Zulu	ʇàʇá tátù	climb third	100 0
3	Voice (Glottal stricture)	Degree of approximation of the arytenoid cartilages	glottal stop laryngealized + voiced murmur - voiced	ʔ b̰ b b̤ʱ p	Javanese Hausa   Hindi	bukaʔ b̰é:rá: bé:rà b̤ʱal pal	open rat girl forehead take care of	100 80 60 20 0
4	Aspiration (Voice onset time)	Time of onset of voicing with respect to release of articulation	+ aspirated - aspirated + voiced	pʰ p b	Thai	pʰà: pà: bà:	split forest shoulder	100 50 0
5	Place	Distance from glottis to first constriction of vocal tract	bilabial labiodental dental alveolar retroflex palato-alveolar palatal velar uvular pharyngeal glottal	β v t̪ t ṭ ʃ c k q ħ ʔ	Ewe Malayalam English Quechua Arabic	ɛ̀βɛ̀ ɛ̀vɛ̀ kut̪t̪i kutti kuṭṭi ʃip caka kara qara ħad ʔaɫɫa	Ewe two stabbed peg child sheep bridge expensive skin someone god	100 95 90 85 80 75 70 60 50 30 0
6	Labial	Degree of approximation of centers of lips	+ labial - labial	kp͡ k	Igbo	ákp͡à áká	bag hand	100 0
7	Stop (Articulatory stricture)	Degree of approximation of articulators	stop fricative approximant	t s h	English	taɪ saɪ haɪ	tie sigh high	100 90 0
8	Nasal	Degree of lowering of velum	+ nasal - nasal	n d	English	noʊ doʊ	know dough	100 0
9	Lateral	Amount of airstream flowing over side of tongue	+ lateral - lateral	l d	English	loʊ doʊ	low doe	100 0
10	Trill	Degree of vibration of articulator	+ trill - trill	r ɾ	Spanish	'pɛrɔ 'pɛɾɔ	dog but	100 0
11	Flap/tap	Rate of articulatory movement	+ tap - tap	ɾ ɹ	Tamil	əɾəm a:ɹəm	saw depth	100 0
12	Sonorant	Amount of acoustic energy	+ sonorant - sonorant	i j	English	'sʌniɚ 'ʌnjən	sunnier onion	80 70
13	Sibilant	Amount of energy over 3 kHz	+ sibilant - sibilant	s θ	English	sɪn θɪn	sin thin	100 20
14	Grave	Ratio of low to high frequency energy	+ grave - grave	p t	English	pɪn tɪn	pin tin	90 60
15	Height	Inverse of frequency of F1	4 height 3 height 2 height 1 height	i e ɛ æ	Danish	vi:ðə ve:ðə vɛ:ðə væ:ðə	know wheat wet wade	95 65 50 10
16	Back	Difference of frequency of F2 to F1 (F2 - F1)	+ back - back	u i	English	hu hi	who he	80 5
17	Round	Inverse of distance between corners of the lips	+ round - round	y i	French	ly li	read bed	90 0
18	Wide	Degree of advancement of the tongue root	+ wide/ATR - wide/ATR	i ị	Igbo	óbi ụ̀bị́	heart poverty	100 20
19	Rhotacized	Lowering of the frequency of F1	+ rhotacized - rhotacized	əɹ ɪ	English	bəɹd bɪd	bird bid	100 0
20	Syllabic	(No agreed physical scale)	+ syllabic - syllabic	n̩ n	English	sʌdn̩ sʌn	sudden sun	100 0