Two types of grammatical change have to be distinguished from grammaticalization: analogical change and reanalysis. They share with grammaticalization their theoretical position of being processes both of diachronic change and of synchronic variation, which is why they are here subsumed under ‘types of variation’.

Besides these, two effects of grammaticalization are discussed: A process of grammaticalization may lead to the renewal of a grammatical construction or category in a language, or it may create a new construction or category in the language.