| most continuous/accessible topic | |
|---|---|
 | zero anaphora |
| unstressed/bound pronouns or grammatical agreement | |
| stressed/independent pronouns | |
| right-dislocated definite NPs | |
| neutral-ordered definite NPS | |
| left-dislocated definite NPs | |
| Y-moved NPs (‘contrastive topicalization’)1 | |
| cleft/focus constructions | |
| referential indefinite NPs | |
| most discontinuous/inaccessible topic | |
1 Y-movement: positioning of an NP in the first position after the clause boundary, where it may function as focus or contrastive topic.