Pseudo-cleft sentence
[[... [Pron/∅]C.i ...]↴S (Cop)[ F ]C.i]S↴
[subject] non-verbal predicate
empty place focal component
[ [oriented open clause] non-verbal clause]
[ [dependent clause] main clause]
.i.¿NosalióLucas?
SpanishNEGmove.out:PST.PFV.3.SGLuke
Didn’t Luke go out?
 ii.No;quiensaliófueLucía.
 NEG[whomove.out:PST.PFV.3.SG]↴Sbe.PST.PFV:3.SGLucy
No; the one going out was Lucy.
.No;saliófueLucía.
SpanishNEGmove.out:PST.PFV.3.SGbe.PST.PFV:3.SGLucy
No; Lucy went out.(Méndez Vallejo 2009: 118)

References

Creissels, Denis 2021, ‘Remarks on the grammaticalization of identificational clefts’. Faits de Langue 52.1: 13-31.

Hengeveld, Kees 2010, The focalizing copula in Colombian Spanish. Unpublished presentation.

Kato, Mary A. 2010, ‘Clivadas sem operador no Português Brasileiro’. Estudos da Lingua(gem) 8: 61-77.

Méndez Vallejo, Catalina 2013, Focalizing ser (FS) in Colombian Spanish. Online.

Zhan, Fangqiong & Sun, Chaofen 2013, ‘A copula analysis of shì in the Chinese cleft construction’. Language and Linguistics 14(4): 755-789.