No biunique mapping of meaning onto expression in language.

Directionality

• Onomasiological: meaning-based; leads to the expression structures (ónoma ‘name’)
• semasiological: expression-based; leads to the meaning (sẽma ‘meaning’)

User perspectives

• Onomasiological: speaker, writer, typologist
• Semasiological: hearer, reader, early learner.

The two perspectives in the lexicon

Bilingual Cabecar lexicon for an anglophone user:

• Onomasiological: English-Cabecar dictionary.
  Example: kinship terminology for male ego
• semasiological: Cabecar-English dictionary.
  Example: page from alphabetic glossary.

Lexicon: bidirectional organization is traditional and a matter of course.

Grammar: bidirectional organization is not common; most grammars are inconsistent in this respect.