A concrete postposition is one which codes a specific semantic relation
born by its complement to its head.
As it is not governed by the latter, the postpositional phrase functions as a modifier.
It generally modifies a verbal or verboidal clause core.
Event-oriented postpositions
An event-oriented postposition indicates an oblique (non-direct) syntactic function of the postpositional phrase vis-à-vis its head.
Participative postpositions
A participative postposition involves or integrates the referent of its complement in the situation thus modified. Postpositional phrases based on such a postposition generally function as adjuncts.
form | label | meaning |
---|---|---|
da | comitative | (together) with N |
wa | instrumental | with (tool) N, from (material) N |
wä́së́(ka)/wö́ksë | conductive | moving actor takes N with him |
yíka | aversive | from, against N; before (time) N |
E1 | yís | da |
1.sg | com | |
‘with me’ |
E2 | ják | wa |
stone | instr | |
‘with a stone’ |
E3 | Yaba | tsí̱ne̱ | shk-á=mi̱ | du | wä́së́. |
child | small | walk-pfv=and | bird |