Base verb strategy
| . | complures | pauperes | mortuos | ... | suo | sumptu | extulit |
| Latin | several:ACC.PL.M | poor:ACC.PL.M | dead:ACC.PL.M | his:ABL.SG.M | cost.M:ABL.SG | out:bear\PRF:3.SG | |
| he had several poor dead people bury at his own cost (Nep. 5, 4, 3) | |||||||
Mediate causation is not a valency alternation, but an inference.
Causer adjunct
| . | occidit | a | forti | ... | Achille |
| Latin | fall(PRF):3.SG | by | strong:ABL.SG | Achilles.M:ABL.SG | |
| he died from the hand of strong Achilles (Ov. M. 13, 597) | |||||
Causee adjunct
| . | (Caesar) | suos | per | Antonium | cohortatus |
| Latin | Caesar.M(NOM.SG) | his:ACC.PL.M | through | Anthony.M:ACC.SG | cheer:PTCP.PRF:NOM.SG.M |
| Caesari had Anthony cheer hisi soldiers (Caes. BG 3, 46, 4) | |||||
To the extent verbal relationality is not grammaticalized (as syntactic valency manipulable by derivation),
semanto-syntactic relations may be coded in the nominal grammar.
Lehmann, Christian 2016, "Latin causativization in typological perspective." Poccetti, Paolo (ed.), Latinitatis rationes. Proceedings of the 17th International Colloquium on Latin Linguistics, Rome, 2013. Berlin: W. de Gruyter; 917-941.